Cyber Saathi / Founder In the News

Indian hospitals, clinics, labs selling data without consent

“For instance, if you take a test today, you will get a reminder from the same lab three months or more later, which means they are retaining the data, and have no deletion policy," N.S. Nappinai, a Supreme Court advocate and founder of Cyber Saathi Foundation, said.
Nappinai said health data is considered sensitive personal data. What Article 43A of the IT Act “effectively amounts to" is that “a company cannot be negligent in the process of handling health data, and if they are, then they are liable".

Livemint, 19.01.2022

Cyber crime: There is not a single institution where the buck stops

“The IT Act did not focus on cybersecurity or cybercrime when it was formulated, and all additions, subsequently in 2008, were at best the proverbial band-aid syndrome that can help temporarily but cannot be a permanent solution,” said N.S. Nappinai, advocate in Supreme Court and founder of Cyber Saathi.
She said the new law is expected to play a key role in not only punishing but also enabling economic growth and adaptation of evolving tech scenarios, and thereby act as a deterrent against threats and vulnerabilities underlying such evolution. “To achieve this, a concise and focused law is essential,” said Nappinai.
“We submitted that anonymised data will be shared with the foreign entity to protect rights of individuals and also to protect against stopping the important and seminal work undertaken by the government of Kerala for combatting the pandemic,” she said. This was accepted by the High Court of Kerala. “At a stage where the present data protection regime, which is minimal in India, does not cover regulating collection of data by a government entity, the consensus model ensured a balance between government’s requirement and individual privacy rights,”

The Week, 16.01.2022

Cryptocurrency scam: Illegal assets seized in a $162M fake ICO case

N.S. Nappinai, an advocate of the Supreme Court of India believes that “at a very basic level” regulation will ensure that there is some sort of clarity with respect to what is permissible and what is criminal. “So that, from an investor’s point of view, it is preventive and protective. And from the law enforcement perspective, it gives them clarity to prosecute.”

Tron Weekly, 11.01.2022

Gullible Users, Lack of Regulation Boost Crypto Cybercrime in India

According to NS Nappinai, Supreme Court attorney and founder of cybersecurity organization Cyber Saathi Foundation, while attacks on cryptocurrency owners began a few years ago and escalated during the pandemic, Crypto scams have been going on for many years. “Now both are flourishing,” she said. “People don’t know about blockchain or cryptocurrency. They are easily in love and fall for these scams,” she added.
Nappinai believes that regulation “at a very basic level” will ensure that there is clarity in terms of what is allowed and what is criminal. “So that, from the investor’s point of view, it is preventive and protective. it gives them the clarity to continue. “
Nappinai pointed out that before a Supreme Court ruling on an Internet and Mobile Association of India (IAMAI) appeal in 2020, people were too scared to even file a crypto crime complaint.
The government should take a call to say yes or no to crypto,” Nappinai said. “If you’re going to say maybe or yes to certain things, then be specific in terms of what you’re going to allow. What will be the parameters needed to release a private room or what investor protections are in place,” a- she declared.

Livemint, 10.01.2022

Bulli Bai: No country for women as cyber bullying in various forms has always been around

India Times, 07.01.2022

'News or false news affects the valuation of Crypto', SC's lawyer told NDTV.

NDTV, 17.12.2021

Panel favours widening data legislation’s scope

The point that I’m excited about is that the draft has made it into a data protection law and not a personal data protection law," said N.S. Nappinai, a Supreme Court lawyer and cyberlaw expert.
Nappinai added “that it is good that JPC has mandated an absolute embargo on companies profiling children instead of limiting it only to “guardian data fiduciaries", as the draft personal data protection bill did in 2019.”

N.S. Nappinai, 17.12.2021

"Regulations can be an impetus for growth in gig economy sector, says advocate NS Nappinai

N.S. Nappinai, 13.12.2021

"Stablecoin makes the assumption that — because it uses fiat currencies or legal tender as its base — it creates a sense of stability, and has a better footing than other crypto assets," Nappinai said.
"While stablecoin may claim it is creating stability, as opposed to volatility of cryptocurrencies, it is still taking all other transactions beyond that basic value generation away from general banking or financial systems," Nappinai emphasised.
"While CBDC gets its legal basis because it is issued by the central bank of a nation, stablecoin — by its very nature — is of a private entity, she added. "Stablecoin still needs to wait for affirmation of its existence, and in what form or manner they can exist," said the Supreme Court Senior Advocate.
"We need laws specific to the field of crypto, including whether it is going to be permissible or not, to what extent and in what manner it will be permissible," Nappinai said in context of the Cryptocurrency and Regulation of Official Digital Currency Bill, 2021

N.S. Nappinai, 04.12.2021

Adv NS Nappinai Raises Questions Over Param Bir-Vaze Meet: 'The Investigation Has Been Compromised'

N.S. Nappinai, 30.11.2021

“The recommendations tighten regulatory framework for big tech companies and enhances compliance framework,” Supreme Court lawyer and founder of Cybersaathi NS Nappinai said. “That stakeholders have been heard is apparent -- 24 months is something big tech has been pushing for, in as much as they have argued that they cannot be treated as publishers.” Such a clause will further dilute the power of the data protection authority,” Nappinai said.

N.S. Nappinai, 23.11.2021

The issue is on how to enforce a legal framework which is already there. Having knowledge of fake news & not doing anything about it, then to what extent can Facebook be held liable?" says N.S. Nappinai Advocate, Supreme Court & Cyber Law expert (@NSNappinai) to @tanvishukla

N.S. Nappinai, 18.11.2021

“Responsibility and liability of any action of a robotic Virtual influencer would lie with its creator and platform hosting them. “It is imperative for a platform to ensure full disclosure and transparency about such influencers. Else it can amount to misrepresentation or deceit and where such action is done with such intent to defraud or commit illegality it becomes a criminal offence.” She said.

City Spidey, 20.09.2021

"Whenever we talk about intermediaries, the first thing that comes to our mind is the Safe Harbour law that accrues to the benefit of social media platforms. Consequently, there is an automatic assumption that there is no responsibility or liability that accrues to them. But that is not the case. In law, the 'Safe Harbour' exemption comes with many strings attached. Hence, the buck or the responsibility may detour away from the social media platform but ultimately falls right back into the place for liability," She said.

Republic World, 26.09.2021

“Sometimes I feel that many other important concerns get overlooked due to the focus on this provision (Section 35 of the Information Technology Act, 2000). The PDP 2018 had a similar provision but exemptions were only permissible through parliament enacted law. Even that was considered a dilution. That any executive act or procedure has to be “just fair reasonable or proportionate” is a sine qua non (it is obvious),” she said. “If that is an addition being proposed, it does not really protect against misuse, but merely reiterates the obvious.”

Hindustan Times, 21.09.2021

“To me, gender justice is not about weakening the position of men or alternate genders. It is not about imbalance. It is about neutrality of gender for justice. Being invisible is not a virtue. Not all fights have to be individual struggles. Collective actions will provide greater strength.” She said.

BMW Foundation Herbert Quandt: TwentyThirty, 10.06.2020

“Get empowered through knowledge of cybercrime and remedies available. Ignorance creates fear and this fear will be made use of by criminals to make a person fall victim and start the extortion process. I would like to give one strong message and that is to take action. The system may not be perfect but perseverance will help the victims to get justice.” She said.

Just for Women: People, 11.06.2021

“Customers mostly do not realise or understand the extent of intrusion they themselves are permitting or inadvertently allow, Supreme Court advocate N. S. Nappinai, founder of online safety awareness firm Cyber Saathi, tells The Hindu. “If, for instance, Sony’s product working on Intelligent Vision Image Sensor and AI uses lip reading to act on voice commands, as is reported, the cameras are always on and capture not just the command but all else. There is no telling how this data will be used or for that matter how such a product can be misused by criminals,” she comments.”

The Hindu, 29.07.2021

"India is a democracy and has robust court systems. If any person has grievances about the constitutionality or sustainability of any laws or regulations, they are open to contest it before courts. To make it into an extrajudicial inquiry and persecution impacts and questions the very sovereignty of India” Nappinai told ANI "The whole misunderstanding on the intermediary issue appears to stem from misconceptions in the minds of the Intermediaries clubbed as significant social media intermediaries under the Intermediary Guidelines of 2021. They seem to have been under the misapprehension that they are not subject to Indian jurisdiction and consequently to Indian laws," She said. ANI
"The whole misunderstanding on the intermediary issue appears to stem from misconceptions in the minds of the Intermediaries clubbed as significant social media intermediaries under the Intermediary Guidelines of 2021. They seem to have been under the misapprehension that they are not subject to Indian jurisdiction and consequently to Indian laws," She said.

ANI, 26.06.2021

According to N S Nappinai, Advocate, Supreme Court and Founder-Cyber Saathi, Twitter’s action is not just aggressive or defiant but downright suicidal. “Social Media and micro blogging sites faced the ire of news media (especially print) for violations on their platforms through reproduction of Copyright protected content. If each of these instances are culled out and compared with their current action the vindictiveness of current action would be clearly manifest,” she said.

The Hindu Business Line, 25.06.2021

“A Parliament-enacted law i.e., the IT Act mandates that the protection from liability given to intermediaries applies, provided they comply with conditions laid down therein. When an intermediary fails to comply, it automatically loses the protection or “safe harbour”.” “Externalising the problem and holding a government liable for the company’s inaction, for no less than three months, is untenable. The company ought to have complied with the extant laws or contested the same in court. It cannot take advantage of its own wrongs.”

The Hindustan Times, 17.06.2021

“Terms of contract can be enforced only when they are fair. Courts are best positioned to intervene and protect user interests. With increased reliance on digital platforms, ensuring equitable terms even when they are non-negotiated, is an imperative and not merely an indulgence. With millions of users opting for one platform, there is monopolistic practice and hence users require protection against abuse thereof.” “Users cannot be placed in the unenviable predicament of Buridan’s ass qua their privacy on one hand and communication or necessity on the other.”

The Hindu Business Line, 24.05.2021

“The government is well within its rights to ask fake news to be taken down, said Supreme Court lawyer N.S. Nappinai, the founder of Cyber Saathi, a cyber safety initiative that disseminates information on cyber laws. However, Nappinai cautions against the use of blanket bans, as the first reaction to any problem. Advisories flagging fake news themselves would have helped, she said.”

Live Mint, 24.05.2021

“In India, personal data is protected under two provisions – Section 43A and Section 72A of the IT Act -- the first for civil remedies and second for criminal prosecution, according to N S Nappinai, a Supreme Court lawyer and founder, Cyber Saathi. “The government has taken a definitive stand before court that WhatsApp’s policy change is contrary to Indian laws and followed it through with a letter. It can act against WhatsApp under those sections or treat it as an intermediary. If it’s the latter then WhatsApp runs the risk of jeopardising it’s intermediary exemptions,” she said.”

The Hindu Business Line, 20.05.2021

“Under the current IT Act, there are provisions for both criminal and civil lawsuits that can be filed by the owner of the data if health records are shared without consent,” said NS Nappinai, a Supreme Court advocate and founder of Cyber Saathi that works in creating awareness and promoting online safety. Health is sensitive data and banks can use it for credit ratings or taking a decision if loans should be given or not,” she said.”

Telecom.com From the Economic Times, 13.05.2021

“That (ban) will not happen, as it is not what the provisions say,” said to NS Nappinai, Supreme Court lawyer and founder of Cyber Saathi. “Moreover, the platforms seem to be under the misapprehension that only by appointing a compliance officer they will become subject to India’s jurisdiction. They are already subject to the country’s laws and are bound to comply with them,”

Hindustan Times, 26.05.2021

“It is also most important that victims file complaints. It is only when we take recourse under the law, can we ensure that systems function effectively and with more complaints coming to the fore and more stories of action against criminals getting reported, law itself will act as a deterrent, victims taking action. Effective enforcement and sufficient awareness of such outcomes will also then become preventive deterrents.”

City Spidy, 15.05.2021

"Unlike harassment in physical workplaces that required the victim or eyewitnesses to provide evidence, harassment in the workplace can be tracked through digital footprints, video recording and screenshots. The best way to counter sexual harassment is through deterrence. Employers must provide simple and transparent policy documents with concrete scenarios to employees so that they understand legal consequences of their actions.”

Money Control, 26.05.2021

“According to Supreme Court advocate N S Nappinai, Founder of Cyber Saathi, it is open to both Twitter and the individuals whose accounts are to be blocked to contest the notice before Indian courts. Instead taking law into one’s own hands could lead to prosecution and also losing it’s safe harbour under Section 79 IT Act. “If an intermediary (Twitter, in this instance) believes that these provisions have not been complied with its only remedy is to seek recourse from court. It cannot decide unilaterally to not comply with such an order” she said.”

Hindu Business Line, 10.02.2021

“Supreme Court Lawyer Nappinai NS says that section seven of the POCSO Act, under which sexual assault is set out, nowhere does it say that there has to be “skin to skin contact”. She specifies that “sexual intent” is clearly made out in the case, which is why the IPC offences have been upheld. “If you look at the judgement, the aspect of two witnesses’ evidence with respect to touch is accepted. The mistake appears to be that “which involves physical contact” (in reference to sexual assault definition) is interpreted as skin-to-skin contact.” Nappinai says that section seven of POCSO actually covers three different kinds of offences. The first being sexual intent in touching of vagina, penis, anus and breast. Second is when a person makes a child touch the said body parts. The third part is doing any act with sexual intent, which involved physical contact. “If you look at the judgement, where and how, and what is the reasoning to interpret the section that it insists on the skin to skin contact, is completely missing,” adds Nappinai. Calling the judgement “completely fallacious” Nappinai says that it interprets section seven wrongly, and is going to have “very grave and serious consequences in terms of protecting children. And that is the whole intent and purpose of POCSO, and this (interpretation) completely dilutes it, to say the least.”

SheThePeople TV, January 25 2021

“WhatsApp’s privacy policy issue has come at a very opportune time for the JPC to take into account these kind of risks and to ensure that users are protected against arbitrary actions by platforms," said N.S. Nappinai, a Supreme Court advocate and founder of Cyber Saathi, a cyber research institute.”

Live Mint, January 13 2021

“Nappinai, a Supreme Court Advocate, said that the government must take a position if crypto can be a digital asset. He added that the only possible way for cryptocurrencies to appreciate is through trading. download, they can make use of private data indiscriminately, she said. “There are plenty of international case laws where courts have struck down such action by such app developers”

CNBC January 8, 2021

“While app developers may claim that they received customer consent to access this data, courts have taken a nuanced view on this matter. App developers are under the “misapprehension” that merely because they have taken customer consent during the download, they can make use of private data indiscriminately, she said. “There are plenty of international case laws where courts have struck down such action by such app developers””

Bloomberg Quint, 28.12.2020

Cybercrime has always been borderless, says NS Nappinai, advocate, Supreme Court of India and founder of the non-profit organisation Cyber Saathi. A specialist in IPR since 1991 and cyber laws since 1995, Nappinai says that data theft and cybercrime in general have been evolving in nature and impact. “The Morris Worm virus attack was first reported in 1988 India got its first codified law in 2000 So it’s not like cybercrime is new; laws and codification are more recent. And over the last decade I think there has been exponential growth in this field,” she says, over the phone in Mumbai. Despite the slow pace of the law, there are legal provisions to deal with cybercrime. “Many times remedies in law are missed even by professionals merely because they may not have the headings ‘ransomware’, ‘revenge porn’ or ‘cyber extortion’, but there are legal remedies,” says Nappinai. “Headings are not relevant to interpret law. It is what is contained in the provisions that matter. If you are going to spread a wrong message, then you are also emboldening the criminal.”

The Hindu, 14.09.2020

Nappinai, a Supreme Court Advocate, said that the government must take a position if crypto can be a digital asset. She added that the only possible way for cryptocurrencies to appreciate is through trading.

CNBC TV - 18, 08.01.2021

“Giving a ‘take it or leave it’ choice to users that violates their privacy and puts them to risk can be contested as unconscionable. Users are well within their rights to seek redress either before the SC or HC to protect their privacy rights. If the triumvirate of corporate entities abuse their dominant position, entities may also seek recourse before the Competition Commission of India,” says Nappinai.

Inc42 - 07.01.2021

“The government is well within its rights to ask fake news to be taken down, said Supreme Court lawyer N.S. Nappinai, the founder of Cyber Saathi, a cyber safety initiative that disseminates information on cyber laws. However, Nappinai cautions against the use of blanket bans, as the first reaction to any problem. Advisories flagging fake news themselves would have helped, she said.”

Live Mint, 24.05.2021

“According to Supreme Court advocate N S Nappinai, Founder of Cyber Saathi, it is open to both Twitter and the individuals whose accounts are to be blocked to contest the notice before Indian courts. Instead taking law into one’s own hands could lead to prosecution and also losing it’s safe harbour under Section 79 IT Act. “If an intermediary (Twitter, in this instance) believes that these provisions have not been complied with its only remedy is to seek recourse from court. It cannot decide unilaterally to not comply with such an order” she said.”

Hindu Business Line, 10.02.2021

“Supreme Court Lawyer Nappinai NS says that section seven of the POCSO Act, under which sexual assault is set out, nowhere does it say that there has to be “skin to skin contact”. She specifies that “sexual intent” is clearly made out in the case, which is why the IPC offences have been upheld. “If you look at the judgement, the aspect of two witnesses’ evidence with respect to touch is accepted. The mistake appears to be that “which involves physical contact” (in reference to sexual assault definition) is interpreted as skin-to-skin contact.” Nappinai says that section seven of POCSO actually covers three different kinds of offences. The first being sexual intent in touching of vagina, penis, anus and breast. Second is when a person makes a child touch the said body parts. The third part is doing any act with sexual intent, which involved physical contact. “If you look at the judgement, where and how, and what is the reasoning to interpret the section that it insists on the skin to skin contact, is completely missing,” adds Nappinai. Calling the judgement “completely fallacious” Nappinai says that it interprets section seven wrongly, and is going to have “very grave and serious consequences in terms of protecting children. And that is the whole intent and purpose of POCSO, and this (interpretation) completely dilutes it, to say the least.”

SheThePeople TV, January 25 2021

“WhatsApp’s privacy policy issue has come at a very opportune time for the JPC to take into account these kind of risks and to ensure that users are protected against arbitrary actions by platforms," said N.S. Nappinai, a Supreme Court advocate and founder of Cyber Saathi, a cyber research institute.”

Live Mint, January 13 2021

“Nappinai, a Supreme Court Advocate, said that the government must take a position if crypto can be a digital asset. He added that the only possible way for cryptocurrencies to appreciate is through trading. download, they can make use of private data indiscriminately, she said. “There are plenty of international case laws where courts have struck down such action by such app developers”

CNBC January 8, 2021

“While app developers may claim that they received customer consent to access this data, courts have taken a nuanced view on this matter. App developers are under the “misapprehension” that merely because they have taken customer consent during the download, they can make use of private data indiscriminately, she said. “There are plenty of international case laws where courts have struck down such action by such app developers””

Bloomberg Quint, 28.12.2020

Nappinai, a Supreme Court Advocate, said that the government must take a position if crypto can be a digital asset. She added that the only possible way for cryptocurrencies to appreciate is through trading.

CNBC TV - 18, 08.01.2021

“Giving a ‘take it or leave it’ choice to users that violates their privacy and puts them to risk can be contested as unconscionable. Users are well within their rights to seek redress either before the SC or HC to protect their privacy rights. If the triumvirate of corporate entities abuse their dominant position, entities may also seek recourse before the Competition Commission of India,” says Nappinai.

Inc42 - 07.01.2021

Nappinai, a Supreme Court Advocate, said that the government must take a position if crypto can be a digital asset. She added that the only possible way for cryptocurrencies to appreciate is through trading.

CNBC TV - 18, 08.01.2021

“Giving a ‘take it or leave it’ choice to users that violates their privacy and puts them to risk can be contested as unconscionable. Users are well within their rights to seek redress either before the SC or HC to protect their privacy rights. If the triumvirate of corporate entities abuse their dominant position, entities may also seek recourse before the Competition Commission of India,” says Nappinai.

Inc42 - 07.01.2021

Nappinai, a Supreme Court Advocate, said that the government must take a position if crypto can be a digital asset. She added that the only possible way for cryptocurrencies to appreciate is through trading.

CNBC TV - 18, 08.01.2021

“Giving a ‘take it or leave it’ choice to users that violates their privacy and puts them to risk can be contested as unconscionable. Users are well within their rights to seek redress either before the SC or HC to protect their privacy rights. If the triumvirate of corporate entities abuse their dominant position, entities may also seek recourse before the Competition Commission of India,” says Nappinai.

Inc42 - 07.01.2021

While app developers may claim that they received customer consent to access this data, courts have taken a nuanced view on this matter. App developers are under the “misapprehension” that merely because they have taken customer consent during the download, they can make use of private data indiscriminately, she said. “There are plenty of international case laws where courts have struck down such action by such app developers.

Bloomberg Quint, 28.12.2020

N.S. Nappinai, lawyer at the Supreme Court of India and founder of Cyber Saathi, believes that this is exactly why it is important to increase awareness that every action online can also have far-reaching legal ramifications. “Laws impose a major deterrent factor in individuals. With proper awareness, 90 percent of the internet trolls would not do what they are doing. It is shocking to note the kind of offences happening online because people have no fear of retribution,” says Nappinai. 'Locker Rooms' are Common in Juvenile Internet Users, But What Should be Done About it?

News18 - 08.05.2020

No Crypto Ban In India But Exercise Caution: Interview with N. S. Nappinai (1)

Interviewer / Editor Lina Kamada, BTCBox - 2020

I Always Wish India would Lead: Interview with N. S. Nappinai (2)

Interviewer / Editor Lina Kamada, BTCBox - 2020

An enlightening presentation by Ms. Nappinai N. S. on 'Cyber Laws for Emerging Technologies - AI, Blockchain, IoT'. She explained how a law could be an enabler for emerging technologies. We would like to have more sessions on this and also would like to understand law for applications we are building in government in cyberspace. Thank you Ms. Nappinai for a great session!

TneGA - 2020

What Supreme Court Ruling on Cryptocurrencies means to Investors? Advocate N S Nappinai explains

By Manisha Gupta CNBC TV18 - 20.03.2020

Right to Privacy to be upheld even in times of emergency: “When I first heard of the stamping in Mumbai, I thought it was fake news,” said Supreme Court lawyer N S Nappinai, an expert in data privacy legislation. “I understand the concern but where does one draw the line? Should fundamental rights be suspended in an emergency like this?” – Privacy fears as India hand stamps suspected coronavirus cases

Reuters – 10.04.2020

In an earlier story about facial recognition, Supreme Court lawyer N.S. Nappinai had told Mint that screening crowds using such databases is illegal in the country. According to her, it goes against the concept of innocent until proven guilty, which is what legal systems are based on - Delhi Violence: Government using voter ID, Driver’s License Data to screen Rioters

Live Mint – 21.03.2020

Supreme Court lawyer N.S. Nappinai, an expert in data privacy legislation, said it is important to have effective measures to unite children with their parents but urged caution over how their data is stored. “It is essential to know how the data is going to be collected, for how long it is going to stored, how it will be used in the future and most importantly when it will be deleted,” she said - App successfully reunites thousands of missing kids with families in India

The Japan Times – 15.02.2020

According to Supreme Court lawyer, N.S. Nappinai, that should mean that the police are keeping criminal records only, which they are within their rights to do. However, Nappinai also questioned the use of facial recognition to screen citizens, saying there’s no “reasonable cause" for them to use such tools. Further, if citizen data isn’t being retained, then why would Delhi Police not clearly say that in the RTI, she said - Delhi Police says only criminal records retained from use of facial recognition

Live Mint – 21.02.2020

Specifically, the Supreme Court of India pointed out that the Temporary Suspension of Telecom Services Rules do not allow for indefinite suspension of Internet services, says N. S. Nappinai, a Supreme Court of India lawyer and a cyber law expert. The Supreme Court ruling requires Indian officials to review the Internet shutdown orders about every five to seven days and publish the orders to demonstrate their legal basis. Such requirements for greater transparency and “adherence to the settled tests of proportionality and due process” would also apply to future Internet shutdown orders, Nappinai explains. Still, the recent court decision did not order an immediate end to Kashmir’s ongoing Internet shutdown, leaving that decision up to the government. Considering the notoriety that India has acquired towards Internet shutdowns, the perception is that the Supreme Court stopped short of the needed threshold of protecting against future shutdowns,” Nappinai says. “Having said that, one could say that the Supreme Court judgment is still a good first step to a better future - How India, the World’s Largest Democracy, Shuts Down the Internet

IEEE Spectrum - 27.02.2020

Amicus curiae Nappinai said artificial intelligence could be deployed by social media platforms to eliminate offensive and sexually explicit content the moment it got posted on the networks controlled by them - SC: Explore shield against online derogatory remarks

Times of India - 12.02.2020

Supreme Court lawyer and cyber law expert NS Nappinai noted that the categories that are being put forth would use the IP address as the basis for taxation. "So the IP address decides the locality or the location in India. It is also linked to three different aspects. One, if you advertise here; two, if you are selling data pertaining to residents of India, and three, if you are selling goods and services based on data collected about residents in India,” she said. “The personal data protection bill which is on the anvil will have priority in terms of how data should be treated. Merely because an MNC is going to pay tax on data will not justify any kind of action with respect to that data,” she added. – India's move to tax global internet companies: Here’s what it means according to experts

CNBC TV 18 – February 2020

Lawyer N.S. Nappinai, who is assisting the court as amicus curiae, suggested artificial intelligence tools could filter obscene content and help in its elimination - Google, WhatsApp And Facebook May Soon Discuss Ways to Block Rape Videos And Child Porn

News 18 – February 2020

Lawyer N.S. Nappinai, who is assisting the court as amicus curiae, suggested artificial intelligence tools can be used to identify such objectionable contents to ensure their early elimination from social media platforms - Circulation of rape videos: SC asks Centre to convene meeting of stakeholder internet giants

Times of India – 11.02.2020

Indian citizens currently have little or no defence against such misuse because there is almost no regulation to guide the use of FR. “This (lack of any regulation) is what the police seem to be taking advantage of," said N.S. Nappinai, cyber law expert and a Supreme Court lawyer. According to Nappinai, even targeted systems that only screen against other databases are impermissible. “You are then, technically, treating all the citizenry as criminals unless proven otherwise," she added. Furthermore, the facial tech adoption that is fast spreading across many state police units may be in violation of the Supreme Court’s tight to privacy judgement. “The (right to privacy) judgement very clearly says that you need laws to allow the state to do it. It is not a matter of whether there are laws against it or not," said Nappinai - Don’t smile, you are being monitored

Live Mint - 31.01.2020

As N.S Nappinai, advocate of cyber laws at the Supreme Court of India, states, the first is the lack of a legal infrastructure that prevents the use of invasive technologies by agencies and state-backed organisations. She told News18, “The difficulty we have here is, firstly, India has no laws with respect to such forms of data capture. To be more precise, we don’t even have a law that states in what manner can data be captured in a CCTV.” Elucidating further, Nappinai states, “Even at a basic level of data capture, we have not provided for laws for that. What we have today in India are two-fold – one is the law with respect to data protection, in terms of general data protection laws, which is just a very minimal, single civil/criminal provision under the IT Act. We also have provisions for monitoring, decrypting etc of online data. Here, we are talking about facial recognition technology, which is not regulated by any law in India - If You Thought Facial Recognition is a Privacy Nightmare, it is Only Going to Get Worse in India

News18 - 29.01.2020

NS Nappinai, Supreme Court advocate and cyber law specialist, said India has already gained global notoriety as an enforcer of internet shutdowns. “We’re glad that the ruling recognises the importance of communication channels. There are only very specific stringent processes that could invoke these shutdowns," she said. “But we have seen rampant and very casual use of these processes. These shutdowns that India has seen, as a trend, need to stop and this SC judgment becomes the first step in reversing the trend," Nappinai said - Experts hail SC judgement on internet access in Jammu and Kashmir

Business Standard - January 11, 2020

The revised draft now circulated is actually much tighter than the 2018 version. With respect to the crisper language and draftsmanship, the 2019 draft scores," says N.S. Nappinai, a Supreme Court lawyer and a cyber-law expert - Data Protection Bill: Govt breaks silence but secrecy remains

India Today - 12.12.2019

For Europeans, Vistara is required to disclose the legal basis on which a passenger’s information is processed, as well as to ask for consent if there are other things the airline wishes to do with the information it has. A passenger has a very real choice to opt-out. In India, privacy activists are demanding exactly this choice. "We need at least the construct of choice," says N.S. Nappinai, a Supreme Court advocate who has pioneered cyber laws in India -Whose side is face-recognition technology on?

India Today - 07.11.2019

According to N.S. Nappinai, a Supreme Court lawyer and cyber law expert, "Service providers such as WhatsApp are amenable to multiple jurisdictions and subject to Indian laws and regulations. Injecting malware and using it for unauthorised access are offences under Indian law. Users in India have the right to initiate action-civil and criminal-for data protection violation -The Big Phone Hack

India Today - November 8, 2019

Banks should evaluate their positions under GDPR as the Indian PDP bill is heavily drawn from GDPR says, N.S. Nappinai, Advocate Supreme Court and Cyber Law Expert. Banks need to understand different distinctions w.r.t. data & personal information. She shares insights on redressal mechanism from point of view of banks and agencies - PDP Bill Goes Far Beyond Checklist Compliance: N. S. Nappinai

By Finbizness - March 28, 2019

However, speaking to Inc42, NS Nappinai a Supreme Court and Bombay High Court lawyer said, “The right to pursue any profession, trade or business is subject to the reasonable restrictions provided in Article 19 (6).” She added the government clearly views cryptocurrency as a payment system, which it neither is nor should be viewed as in such manner. Cryptocurrency is neither legal tender nor, in the absence of a regulatory mandate, a payment system. At best it could have been treated as a commodity and if done so then it was open for trading and the same could have been regulated. Instead, the government has reacted, as always in knee-jerk mode and sought to ban the digital asset. “The Government has spent a couple of years evaluating its position qua cryptocurrencies. Yet the report does not demonstrate the extensive inputs, discussions, issues or concerns voiced by various quarters – Cryptocurrency This Week: India’s Calling For Blanket Ban, EU On Bitcoin’s ‘Anticompetitveness’ And More

Inc 42 - 27.07.2019

N. S. Nappinai, Cyber Law Expert and an advocate at the Supreme Court, said the distinction the Indian government seems to be drawing as private cryptocurrency against the crypto the government may launch is actually a misconception. Nappinai said she was sceptical about the future of ‘private cryptocurrencies’ such as Bitcoin given India’s definitive stand. “Finally, India has taken a specific stance probably due to news of Facebook’s plan to launch its own cryptocurrency, Libra. But the reason the government committee has cited for banning cryptocurrencies is the fear of money laundering or its use for terrorist activities - India mulling an official crypto-currency? Looks like govt veering towards the idea

The Economic Times - 23.07.2019

While delivering her keynote speech, highlighting the importance of the regulatory environment of blockchain in India, N S Nappinai, Advocate and Cyber Law Expert, …, said … For any innovation, you need to come to a tipping point where it has grown exponentially and organically. However, for it to grow further, one of the differentiators could be law as an enabler - WBS highlights multiple plus points of adopting the blockchain technology and paves the way for a paradigm shift...

Free Press Journal - 18.07.2019

Similarly, Poker was recognised as a skill-based game by the Karnataka high court, though that ruling referred to offline poker. “You have to look at what exactly is being offered online, and it has to be evaluated on whether similar things when done offline, are deemed to be legal," said N.S. Nappinai, a SC advocate and a cyber law expert - Skill-based gaming can help you make more than a living

Live Mint - 11.07.2019

When talking about the regulatory envirenment of blockchain in India, N. S. Nappinai, Advocate & Cyber Law Expert, had quoted in her key speech, “For innovation, you need to come to a tipping point where it has grwon exponentioally and organically. However, for it to grow further, one of the differentiators could be law as an enabler” - Law as an Enabler for Blockchain Adoption in India

Indian Web 2 - 25.06.2019

…N.S. Nappinai, a supreme court advocate and cyber law specialist, shared her thoughts on cryptocurrency regulation in India. She said: Regulation would ensure transparency, oversight and accountability. The onus or burden on the government may be shifted to exchanges or other platforms offering virtual currencies or trading thereon…Explicit terms of functioning for such exchanges can regulate the kinds of virtual currencies that may be traded, the modes and methods of reporting, the restrictions on trading (including on valuation spurts etc.,) and also investor protection provisions can be incorporated,” the advocate suggested.” “Commenting on the possibility of a ban on cryptocurrencies, Nappinai told the publication that any “‘one size fits all’ option may be a huge mistake,”elaborating: There is also debate on whether cryptocurrency can be banned at all. After all how would the government enforce it without infringing on the privacy of all. Any form of electronic device may be used to store cryptocurrency.” - Supreme Court Advocate Suggests How to Regulate Crypto in India

Bitcoin.com - 24.05.2019

N S Nappinai, Supreme Court lawyer and cyber-law expert, shares it’s not as black-and-white as it may seem. But as with the law, there are legal implications for netizens and citizens. For Nappinai, the need of the hour comprises not such expansive or excessive bans. She adds, “We need well-defined laws and regulations to meet the requirements of the progressively expanding world of social media and online gaming. We need strong enforcement when violations happen, not strong bans. Developers of games and users alike ought to exercise responsibility – PewDiePie’s diss tracks, PUBG and TikTok: Battle of the bans in India 2019

The Hindu - 22.04.2019

India codified its first Act in 2000 called the Information Technology Act 21 of 2000 as a contribution towards the policing of cybercrimes in India. Conversely, it has failed to meet global standards that adhere towards the protection of the community from being victims of cybercrimes (Nappinai, 2010). This Act made recognition of the electronic records and the facilitation of electronic commercial transactions. Furthermore, it referred to primary offences such as tampering with a private source code, deleting, destroying and altering any data on a private computer (Nappinai, 2010) - Understanding policing of cybercrime in South Africa: The phenomena, challenges and effective responses

By Sianda Diamini (2019)

According to N.S. Nappinai, Supreme Court lawyer and cyber law expert, it is time to do a reality check and shed some light on the darker side of machines and artificial intelligence (AI). According to Nappinai, we have reached the tipping point and we need regulation to help innovation. She cited cases of autonomous cars globally to illustrate her point. In one such case, a Tesla car’s sensor failed, and it could not see a coming trailer. The driver died but the driver was held liable though he was on autopilot. In another instance, a pedestrian was hit by a self-driving Uber car. So are autonomous cars really safer? - Focus is on responsible technology, innovation

Live Mint - 03.04.2019

Supreme Court lawyer and cyber law expert Nappinai N.S. said the threat or risks that arise from linking of data ets, is the very basis on which it was struck down by the Supreme Court (in the Puttaswamy judgement). “It violates the privacy of an individual. Without this tech you could not have had this level of surveillance of an individual. The first Puttuswamy (Aadhaar) judgment defined privacy rights," she added. Nappinai pointed out that while earlier it was only envisaged that there was a threat (to privacy of an individual). “Today you can see a state entity doing this, and it is no longer merely a threat," she told Mint - Telangana govt creates citizen data tracking tool, raises privacy concerns

Live Mint – July 2019

N S Nappinai, an advocate with the Supreme Court, explained that victims are often reluctant to formalise their complaints for various reasons. "It may be speculative; however, two reasons can explain the lower number of formal complaints (received on the NCW email ID) registered. One may be that NCW's process may have slipped from people's attention and second could be the reluctance on the victim's part to register a formal complaint, as no one wishes to experience the agony repeatedly," she said. “Nappinai said: “Women do not feel confident of the whole process for getting justice and, hence, the NCW has to reassure victims of a speedy justice. This low number should not make anyone question the genuinety(genuineness) of social media complaints,” she said.” “Nappinai said that one needed to do more as a system to build a safe environment for women to come forward and report cases” #MeToo movement raged on social media, but only 21 move NCW since October

Business Sytandard – January 2019

MOST of us are not conscious of it if we are not Internet driven — or digitally conscious, especially about how a younger generation of criminals are engaged in cyber crimes!Catch a talk by the very articulate, eloquent and amazing Supreme Court and Bombay High Court activist lawyer Nappinai NS and one may be left quite shell-shocked and updated on the subject of where information technology is taking the world. Into a hornet’s nest, some would say; into a more exciting world more would say!

The Hindu - 22.04.2019

The absolutely erudite Nappinai spoke of such things as “digital ghettoization” and a dizzy network of Apps linked with heinous and gruesome crimes which take place courtesy the manipulation of the safety network of electronic and digital technology – Cyber Crimes Here to Stay

Goan Observer. September 15, 2018

NS Nappinai’s book Technology Laws Decoded bridges the gap in our collective understanding of cyber laws. The first impression the book left on me is not just with respect to the scope and depth of subjects covered in it — ranging from the interplay of cyber policies with the Constitutional precepts, cybercrime and electronic evidence to IPR and contracts — but also the in-depth analysis that the author undertakes in each such subject. The easy prose is bound to appeal to both the professional as well as the general reader and will certainly help in not just creating awareness but also ensuring better cyber security hygiene –Law & Code

The Hindu Businessline. March 25, 2018

"Consequences of non compliance could range from monetary penalties to even termination of permissions with each citizen also having a right to claim damages,” said advocate and cyberlaws expert N.S. Nappinai. Data localisation is not a misconceived proposition, especially in the context of data of financial transactions. The RBI circular is independent of data protection laws and will most likely stand the test of proportionality. It applies only to those entities it governs such as payment systems,” she said. The belated clamour now for only storing a mirror image within India is contrary to RBI’s stated intent which is not only about easy access of data but of protecting Indian citizens’ data against rampant sharing outside India, as a public policy process. There is no real cause for delaying the compliance,” explained Ms. Nappinai - Data dikat: 15 palyers fail to comply

By Ashish Rukhaiyar – The Hindu October 2018

On one hand the draft sets out detailed provisions for consent and explicit consent. On the other, there are provisions which dilute the right of data principals (individuals) completely such as Section 17 and 22. These allow for wide discretion to be exercised by the Data Protection Authority under the Act. Tighter provisions including timelines for retention of and deletion of data, process, audit and compliance therefore would have been welcome additions," said N.S. Nappinai, an advocate specializing in cyber law - 3 things to know about the new draft law on data privacy

Live Mint – 31.07.2018

Cyber crime lawyer N.S. Nappinai said not only has ‘trolling’ grown at a shocking rate over the years, the age of the perpetrators is increasingly reducing as well. “I have seen cases where victims have faced inhuman threats. In recent times, children have been involved in these crimes and this is because the number of children using the internet under adult supervision is negligible. Around 90% of the people who have come to me with similar cases have refused to prosecute,” Ms. Nappinai said - Cyber bullying on the rise, but few want to report it, say officials

The Hindu – June 2018

Advocate Nappinai pondered over a number of points on whether data privacy will be an active enabler for cyber security – Advocate Nappinai pondered over a number of points on whether data privacy will be an active enabler for cyber security.

Proceedings of Securing Cyber Space 2018

To understand the legal implications for Jain and Baghla, Inc42 talked to N S Nappinai, Cyber Laws Advocate, Supreme Court and Bombay High Court, who shared that legally, the duo will face issues only if they were party to the crime, i.e. aware of the use of the website they have developed. Also, Nappinai highlighted that the case brings to light the importance of regulation of cryptocurrency mining and trading as scams can happen with any asset – Two Startup Founders Arrested In Connection With Amit Bhardwajs 300 Mn Cryptocurrency Ponzi Scheme

April 24, 2018

In this world of strife and now seemingly aggressive posturing over physical borders, Nation-States would have to create consensus at least for the cyber domain by creating global enforcement mechanisms, to overcome the increasing threat of cross-border crimes, terror attacks and now even cyber warfare,” N S Nappinai - Up in Cyber Arms

The Hindu - 13.07.2017

This also makes publishing about technology and law interface achallenging task and in such times the book ̳Technology LawsDecoded by N S Nappinai is a treat to read for its content,context, comprehension, communication and command of language” “The first chapter begins with the quote from Lennon‘s song ofimagine‘ and continues with the author‘s imagination of sleektitles and subtitles - an oxymoron like ̳borderless boundaries‘ andnumerous other titles like ̳Khulja Sim Sim‘ – the book additionallyqualifies to be prescribed for ‘Law and Literature’ – Technology Laws Decoded by N. S. Nappinai

By Prof. V. C. Vivekanandan (2017)

The cyber – libertarian ethos protests any encroachment on its assumed freedom from fetters. The world born free strives hard to retain its freedom from Governments, described as the weary giants of flesh and steel . Forcing its way past this resistance is the contra-view, that “Liberty or Freedom” do not mean “an exemption from all restraints, but rather the most effectual applications of every just restraint to all members of a free society whether they be magistrates or subjects” . N. S. Nappinai – Liberty & Cyberspace

Manthan – 2017

Ms. N.S. Nappinai endeavors to decode the complexities of technology and address the multitude of legal issues in the field through her book.Technology Laws Decoded By N. S. Nappinai

India Law Journal – A book review – 2017

Advocate N. S. Nappinai, an expert in cyber law, said Section 66A of the Information Technology Act is ‘wide in its application’; ‘it is like an open minefield of vagueness just waiting to explode and open to abuse. The arrest is just another example of such abuse’. It was the misfortune of these two girls that they tripped on this minefield – There Is No Such Thing As Hate Speech: A Case For Absolute Freedom Of Expression

– Book by Ravi Shanker Kapoor” – 2017

Ms Nappinai … revisited the discussion about ‘convenience versus confidence’. “All of us today are always looking for convenience. But con dence or trust is non-negotiable. Security is non-negotiable.” Banking is a high-trust vertical that uses information technology. Finance in digital era: Navigating the knowns and unknowns

FICCI FIBAC India Report (2017)

Writes technology lawyer N.S. Nappinai, “Early day offences under Section 67 of the IT Act were of jilted lovers or refused proposals resulting in posting of obscene content online or of the personal and contact details of women online, on solicitation websites or banners, which resulted in the women being harassed by callers making vul- gar or obscene comments.” As technology lawyer NS Nappinai has asked: Is 67 the new 66A? - Sex, Rights & The Internet

By Bishaka Dutta (Lead Researcher) & Others. (2017)

Ms Nappinai shared her anecdotal experiences on how teenagers indulge in cybercrimes in India. Ms Nappinai is of the view that in India, the pace of introducing legal framework for cyber offences is lagging behind the advancement in technologies for committing these offences, thereby making enforcement and punishment a complex issue –Legal Mechanism Be Efficient to Combat Cybercrimes

February 12, 2015

Nappinai (2010) in “Cyber Crime Law in India: Has Law Kept Pace with Emerging Trends? An Empirical Study says that ‘India was shocked out of its complacent conservatism …”. “Companies, firms, individuals and other intermediaries ought to now be careful in the collection, retention and dissemination of personal data. Interactive websites and P2P site operators also have to be extremely careful to ensure that the provisions of S.66E & S.72 A are not violated. Such crimes may threaten a nation’s security and financial health – Role of ICT Enabled Systems and their Services in Agricultural Development of Rural India

By Prof. V. N. More & Dr. S. B. Sawant

In the early 2000’s India was primarily concerned with more stable and secure e-commerce rules which encouraged them to create the very first Information Technology Act in 2000. However, the focus changed immediately after the 26/11 attacks in Mumbai in 2008 and the GhostNet attack in 2009, when the Indian government realized that critical infrastructure and government information networks have to be equally securitized.As an instant reaction to this event, the Indian Government passed a new, amended IT Act in 2008, which then included distinct regulations for activities that threatened the nation’s sovereignty or integrity. The four most important added amendments were (1) tampering with source code; (2) deleting, destroying or altering any data on any computer resource with mala fide intent to cause wrongful loss or to diminish its value; (3) publishing ortransmitting pornographic material through a computer resource; and (4) provisions pertaining to encryption technology, the right to governments to intercept and decrypt such data and to call upon any entity or individual to decrypt such data’. (numbers added) This rapid reaction to the Mumbai attacks with a new draft of the ITAA shows that the cyber security as an issue was highly politicized and elevated to an advanced urgency level. Nevertheless, Nappinai would argue that it was ‘hastily tabled before the Parliament and was passed hastily and without any debate whatsoever’. What that basically meant for cyber security in India was that an IT Act was created, but the implementation and eligibility of the amendments were not adequately thought-through, tested and discussed, hence the legitimacy of this catalogue of regulations was relatively low. Securitization of cyberspace in India: A question of policy focus and implementation

By Melanie Schweiger

Lawyer N.S. Nappinai said the absence of 66A law is not a loss to policing of the cyber world. "If they bring 66A in a different avatar, they have to be specific, what are they trying to do?" said Nappinai, who explained that only cyber-bullying and hoax calls seem to be out of the purview of existing laws – How Section 66A lives on in India

Legally India

No one is denying that the Facebook posts in question were objectionable. But such moves create fear among people. Expressing my opinion is a very inherent part of my freedom of speech and arresting people only for ‘liking’ a post is a clear abuse of power,” said cybercrime lawyer N S Nappinai. “Experts also agreed that there needed to be better standardisation of defamation laws in India. “Making a defamatory statement in a printed format is a non cognizable offence, but if made on the internet, it becomes a cognizable offence,” said Nappinai" – Freedom To ‘Like’, ‘Share’ any Content A Fundamental Right: Experts

Indian Express – June 11, 2014

Advocate and founder-member of Mumbai-based Technology Law Forum, N S Nappinai says it’s almost as if the easiest way to threaten a woman is to tell her she will be stripped or raped. “And it spreads easily on the Internet…Nappinai says there is a lack of awareness among enforcement authorities. “They’ll say the server isn’t in India. That’s not something you want to hear. The problem is, and I’m speculating here, police has a reluctance in registering a case because of statistics,” she explains - Why trolls have it so easy

India Together - 23.07.2013

A woman does not retrieve her dignity or lost privacy once images captured or transmitted are deleted. Such ease of bail even before completion of investigationmerely because these are bailable offences sends out a wrong signal to miscreants," added Nappinai” - 'Peeping Tom' doctor gets bail, call for stricter laws

Times of India – December 2013

Nappinai (2010) found that cybercrime prosecution is not resorted in many instances due to lack of awareness amongst both the victims and the enforcement authorities about the applicability of general laws to cybercrimes – A Study Of Awareness About Cyberlaws In The Indian Society

by Saroj Mehta & Vikram Singh. Published in the International Journal of Computing and Business Research (IJCBR) – 2013

N S Nappinai, a cyber law expert said, ‘’The remedy is to split section 66A into three separate offences, and what amounts to "offensive” or "malicious” nature should be specifically defined." The section is applied in eight of every 10 cases, said experts. It appears to be substantially drawn from a British law, but has wider scope." Legislators must take lessons from extensive abuse of such provisions not only in India but also at its place of origin," said Nappinai. However, UK courts took a proactive stance as in the Paul Chambers vs Director of Public Prosecutions case, holding tweets about terrorizing/blowing up airports were not "menacing” but only jokes. "While protagonists of those ‘menacing’ tweets got lucky in the UK, FB posts by two Palghar girls landed them in a spot. The new norms may prevent similar humiliation for others,” she said - Fighting For Free Speech: 'Law Needs Overhaul, Not Cosmetic Job'

Times of India - November 30, 2012

It is submitted that stringent measures are necessary to combat the threat of cyber terrorism and to act as effective deterrents. The imposition of stringent punishment for cyber terrorism demonstrates the Indian government's intention to prevent terrorists using the Internet to perpetrate crime. Whilst the provisions addressing cyber terrorism are welcomed, concerns have been raised about their potential abuse by government authorities Addressing the spectre of cyber terrorism: a comparative perspective

By F. Cassim (2012)

Many of these offences, N. S. Nappinai points out, are committed from cyber cafés. While it is difficult for cyber café owners to regulate users, she says ‘If the trail stops, the case does not come to a standstill. The police can learn from the complainant who is likely to harass her, and watch the areas he frequents. Cyber criminals presume they are invisible, especially if they go to a café. But if we know who to look for we can catch them - Nine Degrees Of Justice: New Perspectives On Violence Against Women In India

edited by Bishakha Datta. (2010)

Nappinai, N.S. (2010) noted that, in September 2009, the Delhi High Court has quashed the criminal proceedings initiated during 2005 u/s 66 of the IT Act 2000 by M/s Parsec Technologies Ltd against some of its former employees - Internet Banking in India : Legal Issues

By A. Sudhakar & S. Brinda (2010)

Both N S Nappinai, Advocate and pointed out that the definitions in the IT Act were too convoluted and ambiguous. "A person who physically dismantles a floppy drive can be termed a hacker according to the current definitions," explained Nappinai – Controversies in Cyber Law', Indian Merchant’s Chambers (IMC)

March 2, 2005

Mrs. N.S. Nappinai, a noted advocate and specialist in cyber laws related matters, defined the scope of Article 21 under the Indian Constitution which protects the right to privacy, and its applicability in the case of spamming which too infringes on the right to privacy of individuals. According to her spamming is not a criminal offence in India. She further pointed out that so far only one writ petition has been filed on account of spamming in the Supreme Court viz., Harsh Pathak Vs. Union of India. She strongly felt that there was an immediate need for enacting proper legislation on spamming. In this connection she lauded the progress made the US, which had enacted CAN SPAM Act, 2003. She also called for amendments to the Indian IT Act 2000. She felt that Australia had the most effective cyber laws to curb spamming – Anti-Spam Strategies And Solutions

by Western Region Council Report, FICCI (November 25, 2005)

Cyber laws in India are underdeveloped," says advocate N S. Information security threats need to be understood by corporate heads, and policies need to be framed to prevent the leak of critical information. Dirty E-mail Jokes can land you in Jail

Times of India. April 19, 2005

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